Empirical Formula Definition and Examples

The empirical formula of a compound is defined as the  formula that shows the ratio of elements present in the compound, but not the actual numbers of atoms found in the molecule. The ratios are denoted by subscripts next to the element symbols. Also Known As: The empirical formula is also known as the  simplest formula  because the subscripts are the smallest whole numbers that indicate the ratio of elements. Empirical Formula Examples Glucose has a molecular formula of C6H12O6. It contains 2 moles of hydrogen for every mole of carbon and oxygen. The empirical formula for glucose is CH2O. The molecular formula of ribose is C5H10O5, which can be reduced to the empirical formula CH2O. How to Determine Empirical Formula Begin with the number of grams of each element, which you usually find in an experiment or have given in a problem.To make the calculation easier, assume the total mass of a sample is 100 grams, so you can work with simple percentages. In other words, set the mass of each element equal to the percent. The total should be 100 percent.Use the molar mass you get by adding up the atomic weight of the elements from the periodic table to convert the mass of each element into moles.Divide each mole value by the small number of moles you obtained from your calculation.Round each number you get to the nearest whole number. The whole numbers are the mole ratio of elements in the compound, which are the subscript numbers that follow the element symbol in the chemical formula. Sometimes determining the whole number ratio is tricky and youll need to use trial and error to get the correct value. For values close to x.5, youll multiply each value by the same factor to obtain the smallest whole number multiple. For example, if you get 1.5 for a solution, multiply each number in the problem by 2 to make the 1.5 into 3. If you get a value of 1.25, multiply each value by 4 to turn the 1.25 into 5. Using Empirical Formula to Find Molecular Formula You can use the empirical formula to find the molecular formula if you know the molar mass of the compound. To do this, calculate the empirical formula mass and then divide the compound molar mass by the empirical formula mass. This gives you the ratio between the molecular and empirical formulas. Multiply all of the subscripts in the empirical formula by this ratio to get the subscripts for the molecular formula. Empirical Formula Example Calculation A compound is analyzed and calculated to consist of 13.5 g Ca, 10.8 g O, and 0.675 g H. Find the empirical formula of the compound. Start by converting the mass of each element into moles by looking up the atomic numbers from the periodic table. The atomic masses of the elements are 40.1 g/mol for Ca, 16.0 g/mol for O, and 1.01 g/mol for H. 13.5 g Ca x (1 mol Ca / 40.1 g Ca) 0.337 mol Ca 10.8 g O x (1 mol O / 16.0 g O) 0.675 mol O 0.675 g H x (1 mol H / 1.01 g H) 0.668 mol H Next, divide each mole amount by the smallest number or moles (which is 0.337 for calcium) and round to the nearest whole number: 0.337 mol Ca / 0.337   1.00 mol Ca 0.675 mol O / 0.337 2.00 mol O 0.668 mol H / 0.337 1.98 mol H which rounds up to 2.00 Now you have the subscripts for the atoms in the empirical formula: CaO2H2 Finally, apply the rules of writing formulas to present the formula correctly. The cation of the compound is written first, followed by the anion. The empirical formula is properly written as Ca(OH)2

The Background on the Stanley Milgram Theory Essay

The social psychology theory that I will be analyzing is based on the Stanley Milgram experiment done in 1965 following the start of the Nazi war. He was curios on all the violence taking place during this time. As a Jew himself, he wanted to find out whether or not the Adolf Eichmann accomplice had the same intent and hate towards the Jewish people during the holocaust. Based on Solomon Asch’s past experiments on conformity, Milgram’s experiment was done to determine whether or not the power of the situation could cause average people to conform to obedience. The results of Milgram’s experiment were astounding. The research of Milgram’s experiment had such a major impact on social psychology that we still use his findings to analyze†¦show more content†¦It is not until then that some of the participants began to question what they were doing. The experimenter would simply tell the participants to â€Å"continue.† A few of them requested to stop, but still continued to issue the shocks after being prompted that they will not be held responsible. The results showed that 65% of the â€Å"teachers† punished the â€Å"learners† to the maximum voltage of 450 volts. The research also showed that none of the subjects stopped before reaching 300 volts. Different factors contributed to the amount of people who issued the maximum voltage. Things like the location dropped the percentage who issued the 300 volts. For instance, when they decided to conduct the experiment in an office building rather than in on campus at Yale, the percentage of those who issued the maximum voltage dropped almost 20%. These findings were stunning to those involved in the experiment. Nobody predicted these results prior to the research being done. In fact Milgram believed he most people wouldn’t go past 150 volts. He predicted that only 4% of participants would go past 150 volts of punishment. (Milgram, 1974) The results later led to Milgram’s theory of obedience. It is ironic that virtues of loyalty, discipline, and self-sacrifice that we value so highly in the individual are the very properties that create destructive organizational engines of war and bind men to malevolent systems of authority. (Milgram, 1974) Impact of Milgram’s Theory SomeShow MoreRelatedMilgram Experiment : What Was The Intent?1571 Words   |  7 Pagesdid Hitler condemn so many people to death and question why he was hated by them?† Well that is exactly why Stanley Milgram conducted experiments to test how far an ordinary person would inflict pain onto a stranger. The Nazi killing was brutal and inhumane but the people conflicting death upon thousands felt no remorse or guilt so the Milgram Experiment was used to finally get answers. Milgram concluded that many will go to extreme lengths to obey authority and tend to believe what they are doing isRead MoreMilgram Experiment : What Was The Intent?1573 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Why did the subordinates of Adolph Hitler blindly follow his immoral orders?† Well, that is exactly why Stanley Milgram conducted experiments to test how far an ordinary person would go to inflict pain onto a stranger. The Nazi killing was brutal and inhumane, but the people conflicting death upon thousands felt no remorse or guilt so the Milgram Experiment was used to finally get answers. Milgram concluded that many will go to extreme lengths to obey authority and tend to believe what they are doingRead MoreStanley Milgram s Psychology Of Obedience1058 Words   |  5 PagesStanley Milgram, established a new course of study in the psychology of obedience. The purpose of his experiment was to have an idea of to see how people react the autocritical standard; during his experiment, he recorded how people will behave when given a source of power. Milgram gained this idea after the World War II. He believed that some people had the ability to essentially block out human thoughts of morals, ethics, and sympathetics when assigned to a job. The core issue that Milgram facedRead MoreAnalyzing Stanley Milgrams The Lost Letter Experiment1538 Words   |  6 PagesThe Lost Letter: Stanley Milgrams experiment Stanley Milgram is one of the most influential of the American postwar social scientists. Milgrams reputation lies not so much in his construction of wide, over-arching theories but in his ability to create provocative, strange even controversial experiments that test conventional notions of moral behavior. Although profoundly different, many of Milgrams experiments possess a common theme that of the situation-specific nature of morality. Humans wereRead MoreAsch s Conformity Experiment And Milgram s Obedience Experiment Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This report will compare two experiments; Asch s conformity experiment and Milgram s obedience experiment. The two experiments will be compared for validity and their ethics. In addition, this report will take into consideration Zimbardo s Stanford Prison experiment and the Lucifer Effect. To analyse how obedience and conformity theories can be used as an example of why good people can turn bad. This report will also look at how obedience and conformity can be applied to the criminalRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Obedience And Authority Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 29, 2016] I. Introduction A. Motivation of this research There are little facts about the role of obedience up until now. Psychologists have been debating on factors that constitute obedience within an individual. For example, certain theories suggest that people do horrible actions only if they are ordered to do so. Research has shown that most people obey all orders given to them by the authority-figure. The idea of this topic came to me while flipping through channels. I came acrossRead MoreSocial Identity Theory And Fees Must Fall Protests Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Identity Theory and Fees Must Fall Protests 1411588 Phoenix Falconer-Pincus Protests play a highly significant role in generating awareness of a certain topic, grievance or issue that may affect certain demographics or groups of people. The below essay aims to explore the connection between social and collective identity, and its influence and importance in protests. This will be done by discussing the â€Å"FeesMustFall† movement that was aimed at getting free tertiary education in South AfricaRead Morepsy Article: Obey at Any Cost? Essay925 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is a time where we may judge and not agree while others may not pass a judgment and be in agreement. In the study of Psychology we look to a researchers finding to prove the way we respond to emotional, environmental and societal changes. Stanley Milgram a researcher that set out on the behalf of Yale University conducted a study to determine how obedient we become when driven or motivated by authority to inflict mild to severe pain is applied. Milgram’s study creates a huge de bate in ethicsRead MoreMilgram Experiment Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesBaumrind vs. Milgram debate Milgram’s experiment was an experiment that tested whether people would people would administer shock to another person even though the person receiving the shock would refuse to participate. During the experiment, Milgram would have the subject be the teacher and the other person people the student. While Milgram believed the experiment produced great results, a lady named Diana Baumrind believed the experiment should have not been conducted at all. Baumrind believedRead MoreHistory Of Obedience And Conformity1729 Words   |  7 Pagesthe utterance of â€Å"research in obedience,† Stanley Milgram is the epithet in social psychology. 56 years ago, Milgram tested the limits of a person s ability to commit deeds that would normally be directionally challenging to their moral compass when commanded to act by an authority figure. Just 15 years after the World War II Holocaust, the Milgram experiments was a social psychology response to a topic of â€Å"particular relevanc e† during that time (Milgram, 1963): Were Nazi officers following orders

Statutory Explanation

Question: What happened in lower courts, What happened in plain everyday language and What does this all mean in simple terms? Answer: Procedural History The claimant namely, Aisha Nicolas, appealed to the Michigan Court of Appeals against the order that was passed by the Michigan Compensation Appellate Commission (MCAC) and Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) that disqualified the claimant from receiving unemployment benefits (Harvey, 2014). The claimant held that the lower tribunals made a decision as opposed to the law and they failed in identifying that health and physical condition are not in the control of any person and that the conduct of the claimant did not constitute to any kind of disqualification against the interest of the employer (ACS) (Barnard, 2012). Facts Auto Club Services (ACS) as a customer sales representative hired the claimant on October 2012. As per the leave policy of the company, an employee earned three days off from work after working for 90 days (Berman et al., 2015). This was known as the no fault attendance policy. However, no written exceptions to this policy were laid. On February 28, 2013, the claimant felt unwell and she informed ACS about her absenteeism through voice mail. On March 1, 2013, she was discharged for her absenteeism because of the no fault attendance policy. Additionally, she was also disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits as laid in MCL 421.29(1) (b). Plaintiff Argues: That her conduct was not illegal and not subject to disqualification from the employment benefits as physical well being and health is not under the control of an ordinary human being. Defendant Argues: The Claimant failed to comply with the attendance policy of ACS and non compliance with any of the attendance policy of the company shall mean disqualification and discharge of the employee from his existing services irrespective of whether the employee informed the employer about his condition or not (Neubauer Meinhold, 2016). Question to be decided: Based on the facts, the issue that arises in this case here is whether an absence for good cause un violation of an employers attendance policy constitute to misconduct or not? Holding of Court: The Court held that if a person takes leaves from work for a good cause then such action does not constitute to misconduct under MCL 421.29(1) (b). Majority Opinion The plaintiff, Aisha Nicholas, won the case as the Court argued that even though the claimant failed to comply with the attendance policy of the organization yet she informed the organization about her absenteeism. Additionally, the Court also held that physical and health condition is not under the control of There was no dissent to the decision that was decided by the Michigan Court of Appeals Rule of case The Court in this decision held that infractions that lead to termination do not necessarily lead to misconduct under MCL 421.29(1) (b). Absenteeism that is beyond the control of a person does not lead to misconduct. The Court held that the Claimant was wrongfully disqualified for misconduct and demanded for further proceedings in favor of the claimant. Statutory Explanation: Popular Name of the Statute: Michigan Employment Security Act MCL Citation: Michigan Employment Security Act, 1936 PA 1, 421.29 Date when the Statute was passed: 1936 Last Amended Year: 2016 Summary of the Act: The Act deals with those situations in which the employee who has left work, either voluntarily or involuntarily, shall be subject to disqualifications from utilizing employment benefits. The four most important provisions of the statute are summarized as follows: An employee who has left work without sufficient reason may be subject to disqualification. An employee who has left left work with reasonable cause shall not be subject to disqualification. A person who informs the employer prior to taking a leave from the company may not be subject to disqualification An employee who has been away from work due to physical or health condition that is beyond her control shall not be subject to disqualification as per the Act (Player, 2013). References: Barnard, C. (2012). EU employment law. Oxford University Press. Berman, E. M., Bowman, J. S., West, J. P., Van Wart, M. R. (2015). Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. Sage Publications. Feng, C., Nelson, L. P., Simon, T. W. (2016). Contract and Employment Law. In Chinas Changing Legal System (pp. 129-140). Palgrave Macmillan US. Harvey, P. (2014). Securing the right to employment: Social welfare policy and the unemployed in the United States. Princeton University Press. Henry, N. (2015). Public administration and public affairs. Routledge. Neubauer, D., Meinhold, S. (2016). Judicial process: law, courts, and politics in the United States. Nelson Education. Player, M. (2013). Federal Law of Employment Discrimination in a Nutshell, 7th. West Academic. Twomey, D. (2012). Labor and Employment Law: Text Cases. Cengage Learning.